Green hydrogen generated from renewable energy is regarded as one of the most promising pathways to help industries decarbonize, promote the growth of renewable energy, enhance system flexibility, and ensure national energy security. On the environment’s side, green hydrogen has more potential compared to fossil fuel-based hydrogen which is the major conventional way of producing it. Moreover, as of January 2023, India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission was allocated a budget worth ₹ 19,744 crore. This program was aimed at making India the world leader in the manufacture, consumption, and exportation of green hydrogen together with its components. This has also led to an increase in the renewable energy capacity, for instance, the global renewable energy increased to 33,71,793MW in 2022.

Figure 1: Global Renewable Energy Capacity, Million Watt, 2021 to 2022

Source: International Energy Agency

Nevertheless, several obstacles must be tackled to progress towards creating this envisaged global hydrogen market. Among these challenges are the comparatively high cost of producing green hydrogen, fluctuation in prices for green hydrogen, changes in land use, and availability of water resources through such projects. In addition, there is also a need for acceptance by society on these initiatives as well as the absence of international standardization and regulation. To address these problems, multi-stakeholders such as businesses, policymakers, and research and development communities are collaborating to overcome these hurdles that deter investors. Additionally, nations have developed national hydrogen policies that would facilitate it.

Economic benefits:

• Job Creation and Industrial Growth
• Energy Security and Diversification
• Economic Competitiveness
• Decarbonizing High-Emission Sectors
• Rural Development and Infrastructure

Let’s discuss each one in detail.

1. Job Creation and Industrial Growth

The green hydrogen sector across different sectors could generate many employment positions. The job roles available within this field are vast, including those in setting up and maintaining structures for producing renewable forms of energy and those in the factories where fuel cells and electrolyzers are made. In addition, a positive spill-over effect into other industries may occur with the development of green hydrogen, such as in advanced components and material production.

2. Energy Security and Diversification

Another advantage is that green hydrogen enhances energy security due to a reduction in dependence on foreign fossil fuels while at the same time presenting opportunities for diversified energy sources. Thus, by developing green hydrogen infrastructure, governments can generate their clean power and, therefore, enhance their stability and self-determination over it. In this manner, even price fluctuations depending on traditional oil or gas markets can be mitigated by lowering them.

3. Economic Competitiveness

Conventional energy generation is expected to become less cost-effective than green hydrogen manufacturing and using its technologies. Green hydrogen technology can be developed by early adopters into an industry leader in the transition towards sustainable supply chains of power, thus giving them a competitive edge over their counterparts globally. Investment opportunities, as well as overall economic development, could also be attracted through this initiative in areas that are at the forefront of the energy shift.

4. Decarbonizing High-Emission Sectors

Green hydrogen has incredible potential to aid the decarbonization of hard-to-electrify sectors such as heavy industry, shipping, and aviation, among others. These industries can benefit significantly from it as a clean alternative to fossil fuels, thereby reducing their overall greenhouse gas emissions and contributing to climate objectives. It is, therefore, possible for this measure to foster growth that is more resilient and sustainable in terms of the economy.

5. Rural Development and Infrastructure

Renewable energy projects such as solar power plants and wind farms, which are usually located in rural areas, are usually part of the process of producing green hydrogen. This can enhance the development of such regions via job creation, infrastructure investments, and increased local taxes. In addition to this, hydrogen production facilities can trigger growth in supplementary sectors like logistics and transport.

Challenges and Considerations

Although the green hydrogen industry has potential, several challenges need to be addressed to realize its financial gains completely. These challenges include:

• High Production Costs
• Infrastructure Development
• Regulatory Framework

Let’s discuss each one in detail.

1. High Production Cost

Currently, green hydrogen is more costly to manufacture than traditional hydrogen or fossil fuels. For instance, green hydrogen currently costs between $4 and $5 per kilogram to produce, which is about twice as much as grey hydrogen. 30 to 50% of the money spent goes toward electrolyzer costs, with the remaining 50% going toward round-the-clock (RTC) renewable electricity. However, if more research and development are focused on reducing the production costs of green hydrogen, then it would be price-competitive for everyone.

2. Infrastructure Development

Establishing infrastructure for green hydrogen production, storage, and distribution will involve huge financial resources. Supportive government policies and public-private partnerships could greatly facilitate this infrastructure development.

3. Regulatory Framework

Clear and supportive regulations are necessary for the prospering of the green hydrogen industry. For hydrogen production and consumption, benchmarks that provide an enduring trading environment and strategies that encourage investment and invention must be established. However, according to NITI Aayog (the government’s think tank), India presently spends more than 160 billion US dollars annually on energy imports alone. This figure could double in the next 15 years. Adopting green hydrogen can help India reduce CO2 emissions by 3.6 gigatonnes cumulatively between now and 2050, in addition to significantly lowering these costs.

In conclusion, green hydrogen has astonishing potential to decarbonize difficult-to-electrify sectors like heavy industry, shipping, and aviation, among others. These sectors would heavily profit from this clean alternative to fossil fuels, thereby decreasing their total greenhouse gas emissions and assisting in achieving climate goals. This means that such a measure can promote more resilient and sustainable economic growth.

Automotive Lubricants Market Insights

Lubricants are critical for providing efficient lubrication to automotive parts, reducing friction in vehicles. Beyond this primary function, automotive lubricants also clean and cool engine components, prevent rust and corrosion, and enhance overall performance. These lubricants can be solid, oil-based, plastic, or a combination, with oil and grease being the most common forms.

The automotive lubricants market is driven by technological advancements that enable the development of high-performance lubricants capable of withstanding extreme temperatures and pressures. These innovations make lubricants suitable for demanding applications where conventional options fall short or require frequent replacement.

The Top 5 Innovations Transforming the Lubricants Market:

1. Efficient Usage of Lubricants in the Automotive Segment

Lubricants are essential for the smooth operation of vehicles, reducing corrosion and maintaining optimal engine temperatures, which extends the lifespan of critical components. Engine oils, for instance, lubricate internal combustion engines, protect against corrosion, reduce wear, and ensure seamless engine performance.

In Europe, Germany leads the automotive manufacturing industry, hosting brands like Audi, BMW, Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, and Porsche. According to Germany Trade and Invest (GTAI), German manufacturers produced over 15.6 million vehicles in 2021, including 3.1 million passenger cars and 351,000 commercial vehicles. The shift toward electric vehicles, supported by government initiatives targeting all-electric cars by 2024, is also driving lubricant demand. Additionally, global light vehicle production is projected to rise from 70 million units in 2020 to 98.9 million units by 2025, further fueling the lubricants market.

Figure 1: Global Light Vehicle Production Trend, in Million Units, 2020 to 2025

Source: Germany Trade and Invest

In the APAC region, factors like population growth and rising vehicle production, particularly in China and India, are boosting lubricant demand. According to OICA, China produced 26,123,767 cars in 2023, including 4,037,209 commercial vehicles, while India produced 4,783,628 cars, including 1,067,878 commercial vehicles.

2. Key Developments in the Lubricant Market

Strategic innovations and partnerships are driving market growth. Notable developments include:

1. July 2022: Shell USA Inc. announced a merger agreement with Shell Midstream Partners L.P., acquiring common units for approximately USD 1.96 billion.
2. August 2022: Valvoline agreed to sell its global products business for $2.65 billion, aiming to transform into a pure-play automotive service provider with a target of over 20% earnings per share growth.
3. May 2023: ExxonMobil announced a USD 110 million investment to build a lubricant manufacturing plant in Maharashtra, India, with a capacity of 159,000 kiloliters annually, set to begin operations by late 2025.
4. July 2024: TotalEnergies acquired Tecoil, a Finnish company specializing in Re-Refined Base Oils (RRBOs), enhancing production of high-performance, eco-friendly lubricants.

3. Nanotechnology as Lubricant Additives

Lubrication involves interposing solid, liquid, or gaseous substances between surfaces to minimize friction and wear. Additives in commercial lubricants enhance properties like friction reduction, corrosion resistance, and viscosity. Nanoparticles, ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers, are increasingly used as additives to improve tribological properties. Key mechanisms include:

1. Ball Bearing Effect: Spherical nanoparticles act as nanometric ball-bearings, reducing sliding friction by enabling a mix of sliding and rolling.
2. Protective Film Formation: Nanoparticles form a thin protective film on surfaces, reducing friction and wear.
3. Mending Effect: Nanoparticles deposit on surfaces, filling scars and grooves to compensate for material loss.
4. Polishing Effect: Nanoparticles reduce surface roughness through abrasion, minimizing friction and wear.

4. Strategic Revolutionizing Megatrends

Lubricants are vital for industrial and automotive applications, ensuring minimal friction and efficient operation. In the automotive sector, advanced lubricants are critical for the transition to electric vehicles. The Lubrication-as-a-Service (LaaS) model is gaining traction, offering service-based solutions with continuous monitoring to optimize equipment performance and reduce downtime. Disruptive technologies include:

1. Lubricant-Free Polymer Bearings: Companies like igus GmbH offer self-lubricating, maintenance-free polymer bearings that operate in dry conditions, reducing costs and dirt buildup.
2. EV-Compatible eFluids: The rise in electric vehicle sales, projected to reach 17 million by the end of 2024 (IEA), is driving demand for specialized fluids like brake fluid, transmission fluid, and greases tailored for EVs.

Figure 2: Electric Vehicle Sales, in Million, 2021 to 2024

Source: IEA

5. Automated Lubrication Systems

Automated lubrication systems are critical for components like gears, bearings, and chains, delivering precise lubrication to enhance performance and reduce maintenance costs. Benefits include:

1. Cost Effectiveness: These systems reduce labor costs, minimize lubricant waste, and lower energy consumption by maintaining optimal lubrication.
2. Safety and Security: Automated systems eliminate the need for workers to access hazardous areas, while real-time monitoring enhances operational reliability.

Companies like Graco are advancing automated systems with programmable controllers and mobile app diagnostics, improving efficiency and usability.

Top 10 Pulses

• Chick Peas (Bengal Gram)
• Pigeon Peas (Arhar)
• Green Beans (Moong Beans)
• Black Matpe (Urad)
• Red Kidney Beans (Rajma)
• Black Eyed Peas (Lobiya)
• Lentils (Masoor)
• Dry Beans
• Faba Beans
• Bambara Beans

Let’s discuss each one in detail.

1. Chick Peas (Bengal Gram)

Chickpeas, also known as garbanzo beans, are nutrient-rich legumes gaining popularity worldwide for their health benefits and culinary versatility. Packed with plant protein, dietary fiber, and essential vitamins and minerals, chickpeas support digestion, promote heart health, regulate blood sugar levels, and aid in weight management. They are an excellent choice for vegetarian and vegan diets, offering a valuable source of protein and nutrients.

Chickpeas are used in a wide range of dishes, including hummus, curries, stews, and salads, making them a staple in global cuisines. They are rich in vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin K, all of which contribute to overall wellness and immune support.

India is the world’s leading producer of chickpeas, accounting for nearly 50% of the country’s total pulse output. According to the ICAR–Indian Institute of Pulses Research, India’s chickpea production reached 13.75 million tonnes in 2021–2022, and by 2023, chickpea cultivation area expanded by 25%, highlighting the crop’s rising importance in agriculture and food security.

Global Production of Chickpea, in Tons, for 2019, 2020, and 2021

Source: World Population Review

2. Red Kidney Beans

Red kidney beans are an important bean in the food industry due to their versatility and nutritional value. These medium-sized, dark red beans have a distinct kidney shape, and their rich flavor and creamy texture make them a popular ingredient in many dishes around the world. Red kidney beans are widely used in both traditional and modern cuisines, adding depth, flavor, and nutritional value to a wide range of dishes. They are an excellent plant-based protein source, making them an essential part of vegetarian and vegan diets. They also contain important nutrients such as dietary fiber, vitamins (including folate and vitamin K), and minerals like iron, magnesium, and potassium. This nutrient profile improves the health benefits of their consumption.

Kidney beans are useful in numerous health issues such as diabetes, heart health, iron deficiency anemia, and colon health. India, China, and the United States are major producers of red kidney beans. For instance, according to the US Department of Agriculture’s “China: Pulses, Kidney Beans & Dried Pulses” report, in the year 2021–2022, China’s red kidney bean production was 250,000 metric tons (MT). Additionally, in the United States, 93 million hundredweight red kidney beans were produced in 2023.

3. Lentils (Masoor)

Lentils are edible legumes from the pulse family, recognized for their small, lens-shaped seeds and wide variety of colors, including yellow, red, green, and brown. Cultivated for centuries across the globe, lentils are highly valued for their nutritional content, culinary versatility, and rich flavor. Commonly featured in soups, stews, curries, and salads, lentils are celebrated not only for their taste but also for their ability to absorb and enhance the flavors of other ingredients.

Lentils can also be ground into flour to create gluten-free baked goods and snacks, making them ideal for those with dietary restrictions. These pulses are a powerhouse of plant-based protein, making them a staple in vegetarian and vegan diets. Lentils are also rich in fiber, iron, folate, and essential vitamins and minerals. Their high fiber content promotes digestive health, helps regulate cholesterol levels, and supports overall heart health.

Canada is the world’s leading producer of lentils, thanks to its fertile soil and favorable growing conditions. Canadian lentils are renowned for their quality and are exported globally. Other major producers include India, Turkey, Australia, and the United States, where lentils are adapted to various climates and soil types.

According to the Canadian Grain Commission, Canada produced 2.3 million tonnes of lentils in 2022, marking a 43.3% increase from 2021. In India, the ICAR–Indian Institute of Pulses Research reported 1.28 million tonnes of lentil production in 2022, cultivated across 1.42 million hectares, with an average yield of 904 kg/ha.

Production of Lentils in Canada, in Tons, in 2022

Source: Canadian Grain Commission

4. Green Beans (Moong Beans)

Green beans are a popular pulse from the bean family. This versatile vegetable is distinguished by its long, slender shape and bright green color. Green beans are widely cultivated and used in a variety of cuisines around the world and can be used raw or cooked, making them a versatile ingredient in salads, stir-fries, casseroles, soups, and other dishes. Green beans, with their tender, crisp texture and mild, slightly sweet flavor, make an excellent addition to many dishes. Apart from their food uses, these beans are extremely nutritious and provide numerous health benefits. They are low in calories and fat, but high in essential nutrients such as dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and K, as well as minerals like manganese and potassium. They contain dietary fiber, which aids digestion, promotes bowel regularity, and helps people maintain a healthy weight. These beans are also high in antioxidants, which protect cells from oxidative stress and thus promote overall health.

China is the world’s largest producer of green beans due to its vast agricultural system and favorable growing conditions, which allow for significant green bean production. Other major green bean producers include India, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Turkey. These countries use their agricultural resources and expertise to grow and supply green beans to domestic and international markets, ensuring a consistent supply of this nutritious pulse. For instance, according to the World Vegetable Center, Jilin is China’s largest mungbean producer as the varieties grown in the region are well-known for their full grain and size, shiny green color, and superior nutritional and sprouting properties, Baicheng exports 70,000 tonnes of mungbean annually, with more than 50,000 tonnes of high-value, sprouting-quality beans. Additionally, according to the ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Mungbean production in India reached 5.5 million hectares in 2022, resulting in 3.17 million tonnes at a productivity of 570 kg per hectare.

5. Faba Beans

Faba beans, also known as broad beans, are nutrient-dense pulses from the legume family and among the oldest cultivated crops in human history. Known for their distinct earthy flavor, faba beans have been grown for thousands of years and remain a staple in many global cuisines. Their culinary versatility makes them ideal for dishes such as salads, soups, stews, and plant-based meals, offering a rich source of protein and nutrients.

Faba beans offer a variety of health benefits thanks to their impressive nutritional profile. They are rich in dietary fiber, iron, manganese, and folate, while being naturally low in fat and cholesterol, making them a heart-healthy food choice. In addition, faba beans are packed with antioxidants, which help combat oxidative stress and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

China is currently the world’s largest producer of faba beans, thanks to its favorable climate and advanced agricultural practices. Chinese faba beans are highly valued in international markets for their superior quality and taste. According to the National Library of Medicine, China accounts for approximately 30% of global faba bean production, with a harvested area of 811,000 hectares and an annual yield of 1.69 million tonnes.

6. Pigeon Peas (Arhar)

Pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) are protein-rich legumes cultivated for centuries and valued for their nutritional benefits, culinary versatility, and adaptability to diverse climates. These small, oval-shaped beans are a staple ingredient in many global cuisines, particularly in Indian, African, and Latin American dishes. They are commonly used in soups, stews, dals, and rice preparations, enhancing meals with their rich flavor and health benefits.

Pigeon peas are packed with dietary fiber, essential vitamins, and minerals that support digestive health, cardiovascular function, and blood sugar regulation. Their high nutritional value makes them an excellent component of balanced, plant-based diets.

India leads global pigeon pea production, thanks to the crop’s drought-resistant properties and suitability for tropical and subtropical climates. According to the ICAR–Indian Institute of Pulses Research, India produced 4.34 million tonnes of pigeon peas in 2022. The market value of pigeon peas in India was estimated at USD 14,334.5 million in 2022, with projections reaching USD 23,798 million by 2032, reflecting strong domestic and international demand.

7. Black Matpe (Urad)

Black Matpe, also known as Urad, is a type of pulse that is widely cultivated in many parts of the world due to its versatility and nutritional value. Black Matpe has small black seeds with a creamy white interior which is essential in various meals. It is commonly used to make delicious dishes, including dals, curries, soups, and snacks. Urad dal, made from black matpe, is commonly used in the preparation of traditional Indian dishes such as dosa, idli, and vada. Its earthy flavor and ability to absorb spices make it a popular choice for creating spicy meals.

Black Matpe includes numerous health benefits and contains essential nutrients such as protein, dietary fiber, iron, magnesium, potassium, folate, and vitamins B and C. Urad’s high protein content makes it an excellent choice for vegetarians and vegans seeking to meet their protein needs. India is the largest producer of black matpe, also known as urad. The country’s high agricultural heritage and favorable climatic conditions make it an ideal place to grow this pulse on a large scale. Myanmar, Thailand, and Sri Lanka are also major producers of black matpe.

8. Black Eyed Peas (Lobiya)

Black Eyed Peas, also known as Lobiya, is a popular bean with cultural and culinary importance. These small creamy-white beans with a black spot are versatile and can be used in soups, stews, and salads. It offers numerous health benefits, which are high in dietary fiber and helps to promote digestive health by relieving constipation and regulating bowel movements. These beans are also a good source of plant-based protein, making them an excellent addition to vegetarian and vegan meals. In addition, black-eyed peas are high in essential vitamins and minerals such as folate, iron, magnesium, and potassium, which help to boost energy and overall well-being. Nigeria is the world’s largest producer of black-eyed peas due to the country’s favorable climate and agricultural practices making it an ideal location for large-scale bean farming. Nigeria’s production and export of Black-Eyed Peas contribute significantly to meeting the global demand for this nutritious and versatile bean. For instance, according to the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria is the largest producer of black-eyed peas, contributing to 48% of production in Africa and 46% worldwide.

9. Dry Beans

Dry beans are beans that have been harvested, dried, and then separated from their pods. They are versatile beans that are consumed worldwide and have high culinary and nutritional value. Dry beans are available in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors, and are commonly used in many meals, demonstrating their importance in global gastronomy. Dry beans are high in protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals, which provide numerous health benefits, aiding digestion, lowering cholesterol levels, and helping with weight management. Furthermore, these beans are also known for their ability to prevent certain types of cancer and boost overall immunity due to their high antioxidant content. India and Brazil are some of tracksuit’s largest producers of dry beans due to their vast agricultural lands and favorable climate.

10. Bambara Beans

Bambara beans (Vigna subterranea) are also known as Bambara groundnuts or earth peas due to their growth underground. They are versatile and can be used in a variety of culinary applications, including boiling, roasting, and grinding into flour. They are used in stews, soups, and porridges, as well as a tasty addition to many traditional dishes. The beans offer a nutty flavor and a slightly sweet taste, making them popular among food enthusiasts. Bambara beans provide numerous health benefits as they are high in protein, fiber, potassium, calcium, iron, and B vitamins. This makes them an excellent source of essential nutrients for vegetarian and vegan diets. Nigeria is the largest producer of Bambara beans due to the favorable climate and agricultural practices, which have enabled the country to become a major global producer of this nutritious bean.

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Biomedical textiles are adapted for many medical and surgical applications. The major use of biomedical textiles is medical apparel. The textiles in fiber and fabric form are used as implants, filters, and surgical dressings. Recent advances in medical textile production have made it possible for implants to aid or replace damaged tissues or organs. These products are used to repair the body, whether it is wound closure (sutures) or replacement surgeries (vascular grafts or artificial ligaments).

The growing use of bio-medical textiles is due to the challenges associated with the complete transplant, such as rejection, immunosuppressants, psychological difficulties, physiological difficulties, donor organ shortage, etc. Hence, medical communities are using artificial substitutes such as biotextiles. This substitute material used to replace the body part is called a prosthesis. The most common use of the prosthesis is in the knees or hips. The main focus of using bio-medical textiles is to serve the purpose they are applied for, such as sutures requiring a biodegradable textile.

Another example of such an example is artificial ligaments. The artificial ligaments, LIGASTIC, offered by Orthomed, are used to replace or reinforce an existing ligament. These are utilized for at least 6 months in ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) reinforcement cases or permanently for replacement cases. It is made from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). These are knitted in nondeforming and non-wrappable chains. The fibers are orientated longitudinally in the axis of the ligament and are straight and parallel at maximum extension. The porosity of 400μm facilitates colonization, which allows the reinforcement or the replacement. The product is available in several sizes and shapes, following the procedures.

There are several major applications of bio-medical textiles in the field, such as wound treatment and cardiovascular, where it is utilized for the aortic and mitral transcatheter valve skirts, atrial appendage occlusion device coverts, or endovascular stent-grafts. In orthopedic applications, the sutures and assemblies, joint and ligament fixation, and spinal fixation tethers. For tissue engineering with cell scaffolds and resorbable wound healing materials.

Cardiovascular Applications

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and ailments are increasing at a very alarming pace globally. According to the WHO (World Health Organization), cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally. CVDs include disorders of the heart and blood vessels and include coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, and others. Both behavioral and environmental factors use these. The major behavioral factors for the increased risk of CVDs are unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and use of alcohol. Environmental risk factors include air pollution as an important factor. These factors lead to complications such as raised blood pressure, raised blood glucose, raised blood lipids, and overweight and obesity, which would lead to heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and others. In 2022, coronary heart disease (CAD) killed 371,506 people in the United States. About 1 in 20 adults aged 20 and older have CAD, i.e., 5% of the total population.

Figure 1:  People With Coronary Artery Disease (Cad), (20 Y and Above), United States, in %, 2022

Source:  CDC (Centre for Disease Control)

With increased numbers of patients and considerable diagnostic and technological advancements, vascular diseases are becoming important in general and clinical practices. The design and manufacturing of synthetic vascular prostheses have been challenging in research and development. The materials used need to meet all the requirements. The important aspects are porosity, compliance, and biodegradability.

The general application for the lower-profile devices and less invasive cardiovascular and endovascular procedures/applications included heart valve replacement, aortic arch reinforcement, stent graft covering, carotid artery repair fabric, tissue grafts, and others. The key benefits included the less invasive, lower profile, controlled density and porosity, flexibility, shape transformation, high tensile strength, and biocompatibility, among others.

DSM offers a biomaterial portfolio for cardiovascular applications, as shown in the following table.

Table 1.1:  DSM Biomaterial Portfolio for Cardiovascular

Companies	Product
Structural Heart	Polyurethanes are a biocompatible material that improves the durability and overall effectiveness of structural heart solutions. These are included with catheter-based therapies like heart valve repair and replacement. Heart valve replacement (aortic, mitral, and tricuspid), LAAO (Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion), and mitral/tricuspid valve repair (through clips or annuloplasty) are also part of the solutions.
Vascular Closure	For the puncture sites, fast healing, vascular interventions, and fully resorbable collagen materials are ideal choices. Collagen are naturally derived biomaterials. It is used for access vessel sealing post-catheterization. This is to provide rapid hemostasis, thus lowering intraprocedural bleeding. DSM Biomedical is a trailblazer in this field. The company can give the collagen with a source available in multiple shapes and sizes, including a plug or patch.
Interventional Cardiology	They manufacture advanced biomaterials for catheter-based therapies. Both catheters and their various accessory devices use hydrophilic lubricious coatings. Balloon valvuloplasty, coronary and peripheral angioplasty and stenting, and cardiac catheterization are appropriate choices for these materials.
Cardiac Assist Devices	DSM offers a range of hemocompatible and durable biomaterials to create less invasive cardiac assist devices that optimize cardiac function. These medical-grade materials are ideal for multiple-component applications, such as LVADs and other ventricular assist devices. Further innovation would create medical polyurethanes, enabling precision molding and coating.

Neurovascular Applications

According to the AANS (American Association of Neurological Surgeons), an estimated 30,000 people in the United States experience a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. Among them, as many as 6 percent may have an unruptured aneurysm. The cerebrovascular disease includes disorders in which the brain is temporarily or permanently affected by ischemia or bleeding.

Several companies are developing advanced materials for biomedical textiles to enable minimally invasive expansion and compaction of critical neurovascular devices for aneurysm repair and stroke prevention and treatment.

Secant Group offers textiles for neurovascular devices used for diverting blood flow, retrieving blood clots, or preventing or reducing plaque debris. The company specializes in developing products to shorten lead times, limit development costs, and deliver a prototype in a limited time. Customization and fabric modification facilities are available in the product development process to meet the requirements.

Secant Group offers neurovascular textile solutions for creating a new device or enhancing a predicate device. Manufacturers can obtain a broad portfolio of advanced textile solutions and services tailored to neurovascular devices.

Table 1.2:  Secant Group, Neurovascular Textile Solutions

Companies	Product
Neurovascular Aneurysm Repair	Flow diverter components and Intra saccular flow disruption components
Ischemic Stroke Prevention & Treatment	Clot retrieval thrombectomy components and Embolic protection filter components
Materials	Cobalt-chromium, Nitinol, Platinum, and Specialty alloys
Medical Textile-forming Technologies	Braiding, Knitting, and Weaving

Orthopedic Applications-

There are multiple orthopedic applications, such as minimally invasive solutions for bone grafting and fusion, spinal motion preservation, tissue fixation, cartilage, tendon, ligament, and meniscal repair. The major aspect of the development of orthopedic devices is identifying the most appropriate textile material to utilize. The textile material for orthopedic devices can be applied as flexible structures for tissue reinforcement and joint support and to join materials and secure implants in the body. The structures that are made from bio textiles are bone anchors, bone containment bags, high-strength sutures, scaffolds for load-sharing, and scaffolds for soft tissue repair, among others.

Table 1.3:  Orthopedics, Biomedical Textiles, New Developments

Companies	Description
Riverpoint Medical and DSM Biomedical	In March 2023, Riverpoint Medical announced they had the exclusive license of a proprietary Osteoconductive (OC) Coating Technology from DSM Biomedical. Osteoconduction is the technology of bone-forming cells to move across a scaffold and replace it with a new bone.  Osteoconductive coatings are commonly used in orthopedic and dental implants but are not widely available in implantable textiles; by this, the company aspires to create an improved environment for enhanced bone attachment. The DSM Biomedical created the proprietary OC coating technology and further developed it into a full-scale production line by Riverpoint.
Thuasne and Corflex	In May 2024, Thuasne acquired US company Corflex, Inc. to expand its global product portfolio and strengthen its US market presence, which specializes in orthopedic bracing. This is significant in Thuasne’s growth strategy, for its expansion in US and international markets. Both companies would leverage their brand recognition and market presence for further growth.

General Applications

Non-toxicity, nonallergenic, and able to be sterilized are the major characteristics of medical textiles, which makes them appropriate for wound care applications. The major applications of these materials are to provide protection against infection, absorb blood, promote healing, and apply medication to the wound. The wound dressings are composite materials consisting of an absorbent layer between a wound contact layer and a flexible base material. The use of healing property fibers like collagen, alginate, and chitin is relevant in the treatment.

Soft-tissue implants are a major application of these materials. They are used because of their strength and flexibility. For both reconstructive and corrective surgery, soft-tissue implants are employed for the replacement of tendons, ligaments, and cartilage.

Conclusion

The growing elderly population worldwide is leading to increasing age-related physiological issues. This growing elderly population has orthopedic, spinal, cardiovascular, and other major disorders. According to the World Population Prospects 2022, the population above the age of 65 is growing more rapidly.  The percentage of the global population aged 65 and above is expected to rise from 10% in 2022 to 16% in 2050, this is a significant surge in the geriatric population.

Figure 2:  Proportion of People Aged 65 Years and Above, in %, 2022 and 2050

Source: United Nations

This increase in geriatric population is occurring at a significant pace in developing countries as well as developed countries. This is historically significant as the population requires adaptations to how societies are structured across all sectors. This includes healthcare needs, social care, innovation-related healthcare, etc.

Several major companies are taking steps in the expansion of the biomedical textiles industry. Cortland Biomedical is a major player that customizes designs and manufactures biomedical textile structures. They have years of experience in medical textile engineering methods, including knitting, braiding, and weaving. In January 2024, announced the expansion of its weaving capabilities by incorporating two additional Jacquard Looms. This strategic move would enhance the company’s capacities and advancements in medical textiles. Cortland Biomedical specializes in plain and narrow weave fabrics, including shuttle and rapier weaving. It excels in creating unique three-dimensional structures for applications like vascular grafts. These woven textiles are specifically designed for vascular and abdominal aortic aneurysm grafts and ensure limited blood flow.

In April 2022, Integer Holdings Corporation acquired Connemara Biomedical Holdings Teoranta. The acquisition also included operating subsidiaries Aran Biomedical and Proxy Biomedical. It was acquired for €120 million, with up to an additional €10 million of contingent consideration payable based on Aran’s achievement of 2022 revenue growth. Aran Biomedical specializes in the design, development, and manufacturing of solutions for medical devices, it generated sales of $17 million in 2021. These developments in the industry would lead to the overall growth of the application of biomedical textiles in wound care and surgical domain.

AC-DC converters are vital components across a huge range of sectors and systems, including electronic devices, home appliances, motors, power distribution networks, and renewable energy systems. Their fundamental purpose is to convert AC (Alternating Current) voltage into DC (Direct Current) voltage, which allows DC-powered devices to operate and batteries to charge.

AC-DC converters are integral to the efficient and reliable operation of power electronics in various fields and applications. They provide power to DC loads or batteries by producing a stable output voltage and enabling efficient energy transfer. Therefore, they are essential components in numerous industries and systems within the electronics sector.

Top 10 Applications

• Power Supply for Consumer Electronics
• Electric Vehicles
• Renewable Energy Systems
• Data Centers
• Telecommunications Infrastructure
• Industrial Automation
• Healthcare Devices
• Home Appliances
• Lighting Systems
• Audio & Video Equipment

Let’s discuss each one in detail.

1. Power Supply for Consumer Electronics

To ensure that consumer electronics function effectively and securely, AC-DC converters change high-voltage AC power from wall outlets into the low-voltage DC power required for their internal circuitry. These converters, whether as external adapters or internal components, are essential for charging batteries and powering devices.

For smartphones, laptops, tablets, smartwatches, and other personal electronics, efficient power conversion is critical for enhancing battery life, managing heat dissipation, and maintaining stable voltage. These factors are crucial for the reliable operation of sensitive electronic components.

2. Electric Vehicles

In electric vehicles (EVs), on-board AC-DC converters are essential for charging. They convert the AC power from a standard charging station into DC power to store in the vehicle’s battery. A separate component, a DC-AC inverter, is then used to convert the battery’s DC power back into AC to drive the electric motor. Together, these converters ensure efficient energy flow for both charging and propulsion.

The efficiency of these power electronics, particularly on-board chargers (which contain AC-DC converters), directly impacts charging speed, overall vehicle range, and energy consumption. The performance of these systems is a key factor driving the development and adoption of EV technology. This has also increased the adoption of electric vehicles and has led to increased sales. For instance, it is anticipated that sales of electric vehicles in the US will increase by 20% in 2024 over 2023, or nearly half a million more vehicles sold. Furthermore, sales of electric cars in China are expected to increase by nearly 25% from the previous year to around 10 million in 2024 due to the country’s fierce competition and reasonably priced vehicles.

Electric Car Sales, by Region, in Millions, 2023

Source: International Energy Agency

3. Renewable Energy Systems

Renewable sources like wind and solar often generate variable AC power. This power is converted to stable DC using AC-DC converters for energy storage in batteries. When needed, this DC power can be converted back to grid-compliant AC. The ability of modern converters to handle these variable inputs is key to integrating more renewable resources into power grids, enhancing overall stability and reliability. For example, during April 2023, CG Drives & Automation launched its modular Switch Mode Power Supply converter for hydrogen production and fuel cell utilization with very low grid harmonics, along with high adaptability. Emotron Modular Converters were made to meet the strictest Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) rules as well as be efficient and adaptable to suit the dynamic needs of your hydrogen production and storage system.

High-efficiency AC-DC conversion is crucial for maximizing the amount of usable energy generated from renewable sources, improving storage capacity, and supporting grid sustainability.

4. Data Centers

Data centers depend on high-performance AC-DC converters to provide a stable DC power supply to critical infrastructure, including servers, storage systems, cooling systems, and Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS). These converters ensure that essential equipment receives constant, reliable power, protecting against outages and surges to prevent data loss.

Maintaining a constant energy delivery is the main goal for data centers, and AC-DC converters help achieve this, thereby preventing data loss, enhancing operational efficiency, and helping ensure high availability. Further, the spread of internet use and the use of cloud computing have increased, which is increasing the demand. For instance, according to data from the International Telecommunications Union, the number of internet users increased to 5.1 billion in 2022, and expanded to 5.4 billion in 2023.

Figure 2: Number of Internet Users, Global, in Billions, 2022 to 2023

Source: International Telecommunication Union

5. Telecommunications Infrastructure

Telecommunications equipment requires a continuously available DC power supply, provided by AC-DC converters, for it to remain operational. Base stations, routers, switches, and other core network infrastructure rely on this stable power to enable reliable data transmissions and connectivity.

Reliable AC-DC conversion ensures that telecommunication networks are continuously functional, enabling essential services such as data transfer, voice communication, and internet access.

6. Industrial Automation

In industrial automation, components like robotics, conveyor systems, and process control machinery rely on AC-DC converters for power. These converters transform the mains AC supply into the precise DC voltages required by sensors, motors, and control systems.

This stable power conversion ensures the accurate control, precise operation, and reliability of automated processes. Efficient AC-DC power supplies are critical for maximizing performance and productivity in industrial settings. MORNSUN, for instance, has been able to develop a variety of products under its multiple-output series, as it continues to increase its assortment of load-bearing multi-output devices such as the LOxx-CBxx series of open-frame single-output AC/DC converters that are cost-effective with high power densities within the LOxx-10Bxx range.

7. Healthcare Devices

Medical devices require a stable and precise DC power supply to function correctly. AC-DC converters provide this crucial power, ensuring the safe and reliable operation of critical tools like patient monitors, diagnostic machines, life-support systems, and medical imaging devices. Reliable power conversion improves patient safety, supports accurate diagnoses, and increases the effectiveness of healthcare delivery.

8. Home Appliances

Modern home appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines, and microwaves use AC-DC converters to power their electronic control systems and variable-speed motors. This allows for smoother operation and more precise control, which leads to greater energy efficiency. By improving the performance of appliances, these converters play a key role in promoting energy savings in the home.

9. Lighting Systems

AC-DC converters are essential for the operation of modern lighting, particularly LED systems. They convert the high-voltage AC from the mains into the low-voltage DC that LEDs require. This conversion is crucial for enabling the high efficiency, long lifespan, and smart control features of LED lighting. By providing a stable DC supply, these converters ensure LEDs operate reliably, generate less heat, and consume significantly less energy than traditional bulbs.

10. Audio & Video Equipment

High-quality audio and video equipment requires a clean and stable power supply to perform optimally. AC-DC converters transform AC mains power into the steady DC voltage needed by sensitive internal components. In audio amplifiers, a clean DC supply is critical for signal amplification, ensuring high-fidelity sound reproduction without noise or distortion.

Similarly, in televisions and media players, AC-DC converters provide various DC voltages to power processors, display panels, and audio circuits. This stable power minimizes electrical interference, allowing video processors and backlights to function correctly, which results in sharp images and accurate color fidelity.